Mark Grossman's Computer Law Tip of the Week
Computer Law 101 and Four Rules for Effective E-mail
Computer and Internet law are so rapidly evolving that the few of us who practice in these areas are often forced to give indefinite answers to seemingly simple questions. This week is going to be different, though. I'm only going to discuss clearly established Internet and computer law principles.
Defamation
Cyberspace is a place where you can destroy personal and business reputations. A statement on a web site or posted to a newsgroup can cause immeasurable damage because of the Internet's ability to disseminate information widely and quickly. (A newsgroup is like a computer bulletin board where potentially millions of people can read an e-mail.)
It's absolutely clear that the law will hold you legally responsible for defamatory online statements. Statements made in Web sites, e-mail and newsgroup can and will get you sued. For some reason, people think that online doesn't count. Wrong!
Employer Liability for Employee E-Mail
There's no doubt that an employee's improper use of e-mail can lead to employer liability. E-mail is no different from a letter. Again, just because it's an electronic rather than traditional written communication makes no difference. If an employer would be responsible for a letter, the employer would be responsible for an e-mail.
The list of things employees can do wrong in e-mail is the same as the list for paper correspondence. Employees can violate copyrights, divulge trade secrets, commit libel, send obscene material, bind a company to a contract, harass people and more.
In some ways, e-mail can be worse than a letter. E-mail is easier to disseminate and harder to destroy.
I'm not suggesting that a business not use e-mail; that would be insane. E-mail is the best thing to happen to corporate communication since the telephone. What I am suggesting is that management educate itself about the risks, implement a fair and detailed Corporate E-Mail Policy, and then enforce it.
Bar's Advertising Rules Apply to Attorney Web Sites
In Florida and some other states, lawyer web pages are highly regulated. The Florida Bar clearly considers a web page to be an advertisement.
The details of the regulations are under review and likely to change soon. Currently, Florida lawyers must submit only their home page for review by the Bar and pay a fee. The home page must have that "hiring disclosure" that you've seen zillions of times in ads, "The hiring of a lawyer is an important decision, etc."
Other advertising rules apply also. Any lawyer considering a web site should check with their Bar for details.
Litigation and Computers
Civil litigants, police, and others can subpoena information stored on computers. If I can force you to produce a written document, I can force you to produce computer data. There's no legal distinction between the two.
In some ways, computers can be a nightmare when it comes to controlling the dissemination of information. It's easier to control copies of documents, old drafts and other records when they're on paper than when they're computerized. Between backup tapes, copies on floppy discs, and recycle bins, copies of "destroyed" documents have a way of turning up at the most inopportune time for those trying to hide information. For a lawyer with expertise in electronic discovery, it's goldmine time.
Copyrights and Digital Data
This one never ceases to amaze me. Even reasonably astute people think that copyright law doesn't apply to digital data and particularly, the Internet. This has got to be the most common misconception about computer law.
Copyright law does apply in cyberspace. There is no "but copying was so easy" defense to copyright infringement. Just because you can readily copy digital data doesn't mean that it's legal to do so. The same copyright considerations exist whether you steal my work by retyping it, or by copying and pasting it in a computer file. Sorry, even on the Internet, you still need to get the author's permission.
FOUR RULES FOR EFFECTIVE E-MAIL
Personally, I love e-mail. I think that there's no quicker, more efficient and effective way to convey routine thoughts in business and handle daily matters: "Dear Assistant, When the messenger arrives with the package from the new client, please review it and have a summary on my desk by the end of the day." It's concise, straightforward and verifiable. You never have to hear things like, "But I thought you said the end of the day tomorrow."
Nonetheless, e-mail is not without its problems. An example is the misuse of CCs. In the old days, send a CC meant "send a carbon copy." Carbon paper is now in the museum next to the Jurassic Age exhibit, but the term lives on to just mean "copy." It's almost too easy to send an e-mail with "carbons" to any number of people or forward an e-mail to someone else
And that means e-mail can make it convenient for managers to sidestep responsibility. Management experts generally want to move decision-making down the chain of command. But it's simple for a middle manager to send an electronic CC up the chain or forward a message to request guidance from above and thus avoid responsibility. (I think that the way to stop CCs up the chain is for upper management to wait a day and then send an e-mail back down the chain that simply reads, "So, how did you decide the issue?")
E-mail can also be used as a way to hide from personal contact, a way of distancing yourself from telling someone in the office something unpleasant (or something pleasant, for that matter). This is an unfortunate tendency that you must avoid.
"Your memo was poor" is an example of the kind of e-mail that you should NEVER send. It's a copout for the sender. It takes a moment to write and send, feels good and avoids confrontation. The sender gets to move on with his or her day quickly. For the recipient, opening an e-mail and getting a criticism or other negative message is like getting clubbed on the head. It's guaranteed to ruin their day.
You must remember and abide by the following four basic rules of e-mail. Post this on every bulletin board in the office. You have my okay to copy these words verbatim and distribute them as a memo (or e-mail) throughout your office. (It would not hurt my feelings if you prefaced it with "Mark Grossman, author of the Computer Law Tip of the Week and columnist for the South Florida Daily Business Review, says....")
Never, ever give bad news by e-mail. Bad news always deserves a real human voice, whether in person or over the telephone.
Never use e-mail to criticize people. It stings more in writing and doesn't heal with time. All day long, the recipient gets to reopen that e-mail and feel bad all over again. Critical e- mail inevitably eats at the craw of the recipient.
Never discuss personal issues over the office e-mail system. It's truly bad office etiquette. It's also asking for trouble, because there's no guarantee that private e-mail will remain private. CCs being what they are, you may just find your personal e-mail posted on the lunch-room bulletin board. Ouch. (Hint: Any e-mail that starts with "Oh, honey . . ." is probably a personal e-mail that shouldn't be in the office computer system.)
And this last thought comes from a guy who's enamored with e-mail. I love e-mail so much that one of these days, I'm going to change my outgoing voice-mail message to say, "If you want me to respond today, please send me an e-mail. If you want a response this week, leave a message after the beep."
Still: If there is even the slightest possibility that what you are going to say could be taken wrong, don't use e-mail to say it. Sorry, but sometimes there's no substitute for that human touch. Occasionally, you must leave your seat, you must walk down the hall, and you must personally deliver a message.
